问题讨论:as if和as though在系动词后面是什么从句
2024-12-16 12:42:06 学考宝 作者:佚名
问题描述
一般认为,as if 和 as though 通常是引导方式状语从句,但它们位于系动词 be, feel, look, seem, appear, smell, sound, taste 等之后时,是什么从句呢?查了一下有关资料,有的语法书认为是表语从句,有的语法书认为是方式状语从句。认为是表语从句,我觉得很正常,因为它是在连系动词后面,自然是表语。但认为是方式状语从句,是出于什么理由呢?
举两个类似的例子:
I found the boy in the classroom. (介词短语是地点状语)
The boy is in the classroom. (介词短语是表语,因为它在系动词后面,我们不能说它仍是地点状语吧)
I want to marry her because I love her. (because从句是原因状语)
It is because I love her. (because从句是表语从句,因为它在系动词后面,我们不能说它仍是原因状语吧)
注:我希望有比较权威的分析和依据,而不仅仅是凭感觉回答,谢谢!
老师答疑
曹老师:
回答这一问题之前,我们先看看词典对动词be的解释。
当动词be后接名词或形容词,表示主语的身份、职业、国籍、性质、特征、状态时,不同词典均认为这时的be是连系动词,后面的名词或形容词是表语(现代语法叫主语补语)。传统语法和现代语法这一点上认识相同,只不过现代语法把表语称为主语补语罢了。
但当be后接方位副词或表示方位的介词短语时,不同词典对be的解释就不同了。
如《美国韦氏词典》的解释如下:
[linking verb] — used to indicate the place, situation, or position of a person or thing
The book is on the table.
“Where's John?” “He's in the living room.”
The house is past the bridge.
即认为即使be后接表示方位的介词短语,be仍然是系动词,那么介词短语就是表语了。传统语法书多数持这种观点。将这种结构仍称为系表结构。
但《牛津高级英语词典》的解释则不同:
[intransitive] + adv./prep. to be located; to be in a place
The town is three miles away.
If you're looking for your file, it's on the table.
Mary's upstairs.
[intransitive] + adv./prep. to happen at a time or in a place
The party is on Friday evening.
The meetings are always in the main conference room.
[intransitive] + adv./prep. to attend an event; to be present in a place
I'll be at the party.
He'll be here soon (= will arrive soon).
以上三种情况,be表示主语位于何处、主语代表的事件发生在何时或何地、以及主语将参加某活动等,均被认为是不及物动词,其后表示地点、时间的副词或介词短语自然就成了状语。现代语法即采用这种解释。如章振邦主编的《新编高级英语语法》就把Be的句型分为两类:主动补(SVC)和主动状(SVA)。
夸克《英语语法大全》P49对下句的成分划分是:
I [S] have been [V] in the garden [A] all the time [A] since lunch [A].
Be的完成体的意义为被理解为remain,后面的介词短语in the garden被视为状语。
鉴于现代语法对于Be的这种分类,The boy is in the classroom.中的in the classfoom就被认为是状语,be是不及物动词。
在It is because I love her.这一句中,It指前面提到的那件事,be可以理解为不及物动词,相当于happens, because从句就被解释为原因状语从句了。
同样的道理,对“When did you lose your bike?”这一问题的回答:“It was when I went to a shop to buy something.”. It指丢车这件事,was相当于happened。这个句子的when从句也可以认为是状语从句而不是表语从句。
但当as if / as though 引导的从句位于系动词look,appear, sound,taste,smell, seems之后时,这种解释就不通了,因为系动词后面一定是要接表语的。传统语法书只提到as if /as though 引导的是方式状语从句,国内部分学者以为as if只能引导方式状语从句,就坚持认为它还是方式状语从句。这种认识是错误的。为什么在系词后就成了表语从句呢?为什么不能再称其为方式状语从句呢?目前对此尚没有满意的答案。
我个人认为,系词后的as if / as though 从句确实是表语从句,不是方式状语从句。我的分析如下:
几乎所有的词典都认为as though等同于as if.。因此我仅分析as if。
《美国韦氏词典》对as if 的解释如下:
1: as it would be if
It was as if he had lost his last friend.
2: as one would do if
He ran as if ghosts were chasing him.
3: that
It seemed as if the day would never end.
从解释一的例句可以看出,主句谓语动词是个系词,需要后接表语,于是as if被解释为as it would be if. 即上面的例句可以改写成:
It was as it would be if he had lost his last friend.
这个句子现在变成了由as引导的表语从句。as此时是个关系代词,既要引导表语从句,还要在从句中作would be 的表语。If引导的虚拟条件句修饰would be. as的词义为“像…一样的样子”,表示主语的状态。
As这种用法的根据如下:
As当“像…一样”的意义解的时候,英文的解释为“in the same way that”。
而名词way除了方式的意思之外,还有状况的意思。如:
《牛津高级词典》对名词way的解释之一是:
Condition / state:
[singular] a particular condition or state。
也就是说,当我们用in the same way that来解释as的意义时,其实as有二种含义:1)以同样的方式;2)处于同样的状态。国内编篡的词典在对as作解释的时候,只提到way的方式意义,忽略了way的状态意义,因而as还可以表示“处于同样的状态”的这种用法就被忽视了。
现在我尝试解释下面句子的语义:
It was as it would be if he had lost his last friend.
(It指前句提到的he呈现的一种状态或表现出的一种行为。)这个情形同他失去了最后一个朋友时会表现出的情形一样。(与事实相反的假设。)两个情形一样,不存在方式。As引导表语从句,同时在从句中作表语。As的语义为,“像…一样的情形”。
As的这种用法让我想起了在答疑网曾看到的一个句式分析:
A is to B as C is to D.
这个句子中,A 是主句主语,to B是主句的状语,as引导表语从句,同时作表语从句中的表语。C是从句的主语,to D是从句的状语。As在这里是关系代词,意义为“像…一样的情形”。句子的逻辑意义为,A相对于B的情形,与C相对于D的情形是一样的。答疑网当时有老师认为as引导的是状语从句,to be是主句的表语,这种分析方法是错误的。To B做表语,能说明主语A的什么情况呢?不符合逻辑的。
《美国韦氏词典》对as if 的解释二中,主句谓语是行为动词,as if引导的就是方式状语了。例句可以根据英文注释改变如下:
He ran as if ghosts were chasing him.
=He ran as he would do if ghost were chasing him.
这个句子中的As是个关系副词,同样理解为in the same way that。不过现在这个way的意义不是情形了,而是manner的意思。as既引导方式状语从句,又在从句中作方式状语。主语跑的方式跟后面有鬼追他时跑的方式是一样的。(与事实相反的假设)。这无疑是方式状语从句。
综合解释一和解释二,我们可以知道,英英词典其实已经告诉我们了,as if 引导的从句可以是方式状语,也可以不是方式状语。取决于主句是否是行为动词。如果主句不是行为动词,就不按方式状语理解了。如果as if从句位于系词之后,则显然是表语从句,as if中的as的表示的是一种与假设出来的情形相同的情形、情况,其语义不再是相同的方式。
《美国韦氏词典》对as if 的解释三,直接用that去替换as if. 例句就是seem后面的as if从句。即认为It seems as if从句等同于It seems that 从句。由于所有词典都认为seem永远是个系动词,那么无论是as if还是that从句都是表语从句了。不可能看作是状语从句了。
至于The horse lay motionless, as if it were dead这句中的as if 引导的是什么从句,且听下回分解。
陈老师:
(1)表语从句:即用来充当表语成分的从句称作为表语从句
结构为:主语+系动词(be, seem, look, smell, sound, taste)+连词(as, as if, as though)+从句(主语+谓语+其他)
It sounds as if / as though the situation will get worse.
听起来好像情况会恶化似的。
It feels as if / as though it’s going to rain.
这天气给人的感觉好像是就要下雨了。
He looks as if he’s tired
他看起来像是累了。
It appears that you’re right.
看来你是对的。
It seems that no one know what had happened.
似乎没有人知道发生了什么事。
The sky looks as if it would clear off soon.
天空看来马上就会放晴了。
It sounds as though there is a knock at the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
备注:主语+系动词be +(连词)+表语从句还可以由以下连词引导表语从句
(1)从属连词主要有that,whether等。(if不能引导表语从句)。
The suggestion is that they should start from beginning.
提出的建议是,他们从头开始。
What they want to know is whether he is capable of holding that important post.
他们想知道的是他是否有能力保住那一重要职位。
(2)连接代词主要有who,what,which
The problem is who will stay.
问题是谁留下来。
This is what I want to say.
这就是我想说的。
What she wants to know is which dress she should buy.
她想知道的是她应该买哪件衣服。
(3)连接副词when,where,why,how
Is this where we turn off for Hull?
这是我们要转向赫尔的方向?
That is why I’m working hard at my lesson.
就是这个原因,我要努力学习
That is how I figured it.
据我看就是这样。
Things are not always as they seem to be.
事情并不总像表面上看来那样。
(2)方式状语从句:即充当方式状语的从句称作为方式状语从句
结构为:主语+行为动词(talk, act, behave,speak,do)+连词(as if , as though, the way)
He acted as if nothing had happened.
他表现的好像什么事情都没有发生过。
He spoke as if he had known it.
他讲的好像他已经知道这件事。
we should do the exercise as our teacher tells us.
我们应该按照老师告诉我们的做这个练习。
You talk as if you had really been there.
你说的好像你真的去过那个地方。