否定祈使句后不定式的句法功能
2024-10-11 21:51:55 学考宝 作者:佚名
问题描述
Do not give him too much money to encourage him in his study.
请问这句中的不定式短语 to encourage him in his study 是什么成分?
是目的状语?不像!
是结果状语?也不像!
它是什么状语?
谢谢!
老师答疑
刘老师:
Do not give him too much money to encourage him in his study.
▲在这个句子中,动词不定式to encourage him in his study 是目的状语,不是结果状语,更不是定语。
判断不定式是何种成分,需要观察两个问题:①encourage 的逻辑主语是money,还是省略了的主语you; ②不定式to encourage him in his study 跟句子谓语部分give him money 存在何种关系?
我认为:第一个问题,encourage 的逻辑主语是you,而非money;第二个问题,to encourage him in his study 确实含有目的性。因此,动词不定式to encourage him in his study是目的状语。同时满足了这两个条件,就可以断定是目的状语。
▲关于判断不定式的成分,我们可以作一组对比:
名词之后的动词不定式,有可能作三种句子成分:定语、宾补、状语。那么,怎样辨别不定式作定语、宾补或状语呢?有的网友对这个问题可能模糊不清。关键问题要看:不定式所表达的动作与句子主语的逻辑关系,以及与之前名词的逻辑关系,还要看跟句子谓语动词之间的关系。请对比以下三个句子:
1. This is the key to open the front door.
2. I expect the key to open the front door.
3. He used the key to open the front door.
●句1:to open the front door 作定语。因为其逻辑主语,要么是this,要么是the key,无论是谁,其逻辑主语都是钥匙,不是“人”。从意思上看,“打开前门”是“钥匙”自身的行为,是一种主谓关系,作定语。但有人认为它是目的状语,这显然是错误的,因为状语是修饰谓语动词的,从本句看它无法修饰is。一般说来,在表语后面的不定式都是定语,不是状语。
●句2:open the front door是宾补,补充说明the key,the key是其逻辑主语。因为the key是谓语动词expect 的宾语,而跟不定式又是主谓关系,所以才叫宾语补足语。不定式作宾补是有条件的,在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,动词对宾语具有使令性或者感官意义,(如:want sb. to go 或see sb. go into the room),而不定式动作又是宾语发出的。除了expect 外,类似的动词还有:ask, want, wish, order, tell, persuade, advise, allow, warn, encourage, cause, require, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, observe 等。
●句3:to open the front door 才是目的状语,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。这个句子看起来与句2非常相似,但正是由于两个谓语动词的性质不一样,才出现了两种不同的成分。在这个句子中,to open the front door 是主语He发出的,the key 跟 to open the front door 不存在逻辑上的主谓关系,不定式是He used the key 的目的, 所以它是目的状语。广义上的目的状语,不一定非要翻译成“为了……”,只有在不定式前加了in order 或so as强调时,才突出目的。
此外,网友感觉不是目的状语的原因,可能是因为是个否定句。为了理解方便,我们改为肯定句看看:
His father gave him much money to encourage him in his study.
翻译一:为了鼓励他学习,他爸爸给了他很多钱。
翻译二:他爸爸给了他很多钱,以鼓励他学习。
黎老师:
Do not give him too much money to encourage him in his study.
这句中的不定式短语 to encourage him in his study 是定语,修饰money。