连词分类：连词、从属连词、连接副词、连接代词、关系副词、关系代词之间的关系是怎样的
2024-12-08 11:37:37 学考宝 作者：佚名
问题描述
老师您好，根据《薄冰英语高级语法》《张道真英语语法》，把连词分为：从属连词和并列连词，从属连词引导状语从句和名词性从句。书中都将where，when等归为从属连词，而《薄...》其后状语从句章节又把其称为疑问副词，书中有些地方又称之为连接副词，好几种称谓这让我感觉非常混乱。
章振邦《新编英语语法教程》中说名词性分句可以由从属连词that，连接代词who ... ，连接副词 where ... 等引导，这里没有统称为从属连词，这样看好像从属连词、连接代词、连接副词之间又是并列关系。《无敌英语语法大全》复合句一章节也说从句由从属连词，关系代词，关系副词，连接代词，连接副词等与主句连接起来，这里也是分开来说的。那么连接代词和连接副词与从属连词的关系究竟是怎样的？
引导定语从句的引导词（关系代词和关系副词）也是起连接句子的作用，那么它们是连词吗？
连词、连接词、关联词是一样的意思吗？
疑问副词可以引导状语从句是不是从属连词？
从属连词that 引导名词性从句时不作成分是连接副词吗？
疑问副词和疑问代词与连接副词和连接代词之间的关系是怎样的吗？
我觉得对于连词的分类以及从属连词、连接副词，连接代词，关系副词，关系代词，疑问副词，疑问代词之间的关系感觉非常混乱。能否给一个清晰的归类，非常感谢！
老师答疑
曹老师：
回答：
在传统语法体系中，英语单词被分为十类：名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、冠词、感叹词。然后又根据是否能或单独能单独充当句子成分，将这些词类归类为两大类---实词和虚词。名词（n)、代词(pro.)、数词(num.)、动词(v)、形容词(adj.)、副词(adv.)这六类词可以并且必须充当句子成分，为实词。介词、连词、冠词和感叹词这四类不作或不能单独作成分，属于虚词。由此可知词类的划分与其在句子中的作用之间有密切的关系。
连词（conjunction或conj.):分并列连词和从属连词，前者连接并列结构，后者引导从属分句。
介词（preposition或prep.):作为虚词，介词不能单独充当句子成分。但介词后接一个名词或名词性结构，构成一个介词短语，则具有了形容词和副词的性质，可以则句子中起形容词和副词的作用，充当定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
冠词：用于名词前表示名词特指或泛指，划分成分时，不考虑冠词。
感叹词：用作独立成分，即独立于句子之外。划分句子成分时也不考虑感叹词。
所有引导各种从句的词项合起来统称为从属关联词。也就是说一个从句必须由关联词引导。关联词并不是英语的词类之一，而是一个统称。关联词可以是从属连词、关系代词、关系副词、连接代词/副词（疑问代/副词引导从句时的称谓）、特殊关系代词等。有的语法书在该使用关联词这一术语的地方错误的使用了连词这个术语，导致读者误解。我不知是该书作者的笔误，还是他仅仅是个抄书匠，没有真正理解自己书里的东西。
引导从句的关联词如果是一个连词，则只引导从句，不在从句中做成分。如果是代词或副词则必须在从句中作成分。
引导状语从句的关联词多数为从属连词，在从句中不作成分。如：because、after、before等。但有也代词和副词，如whatever，whoever, however引导让步状语从句的时候，就要在从句中作成分，不能说它们是从属连词。该叫什么代词、什么副词，没有一致意见。但绝对不是连词，这是肯定的。
引导名词性从句的关联词为从属连词that, if, whether(在从句中不做成分）和连接代/副词（含疑问意义的wh-词）（必须在从句中作成分）和特殊关系代词（无疑问意义，等于the thing which, anything that，anyone who/whom等）anywhat, whatever, whoever whomever等。
引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词，都必须在从句中作成分。包括，who,whom whose,that, which, where, when, why, as, but(少用）。
陈老师：
(1)引导特殊疑问句称作为：
A:特殊疑问代词(what, which, whose, who, whom)(必须在句中充当一定语法成分，主语，宾语，表语，定语。但是疑问语气，因此句子使用倒装语序，即疑问语序）
What did you see in the picture?
Which do you like best ?
Whose pen is yours?
Who sings best in your class?
With whom do you want to go ?
B:特殊疑问副词(when, where,why,how)(必须在句中充当一定语法成分，但是只能状语成分。但是陈述语气，因此句子使用陈述语序，即陈述语序）
When did you come back?
Where did you find the wallet?
Why did you hate learning English?
How did you come here?
(2)引导名词性从句的连接词称作为：
A:连词代词(what, which,whose,who, whom)必须在句中充当一定语法成分，主语，宾语，表语，定语。但是疑问语气，因此句子使用倒装语序，即疑问语序）
I don't know what she likes.
I don't know which she wants.
I don't know whose book this is.
I want to know who has taken away my book.
I don't know with whom I will go there.
B:连接副词(when,where,why,how)必须在句中充当一定语法成分，但是只能充当句子一个成分，即状语成分，句子是陈述语气，从句使用陈述语序）
When we will leave for Beijing is not decided.
Where I live is none of your business.
Why he dislikes English is not clear to me.
How they came to Beijing remained unknown.
I don't know when I will leave for Beijing.
I don't where Tom lives.
I don't know why she hates learning English.
I don't know how she will come here
C:其他连词（that,because）
That is because he is so careless.
The reason is that he is so lazy.
That is why I came late
D:其他连接词（that, if, whether)
He thinks that he can finish the work in five days.
We don't know if he are willing to help us.
The question is whether he can get one million dollar in ten days.
(3)引导定语从句连接词称作为
A:关系代词(that,who, which,whose,whom)
This is the pen that I lost yesterday.
This is the girl who I saw in the park.
B:关系副词(when,where,why)
May 1, 2010 is the day when he was born.
The house where I lived three years ago is missing.
The is the reason why she refused to lend me money.
(3)引导状语从句连接词称作为"从属连词"
(1)引导时间状语从句"连词”(when,while, as, since,as soon as...)
I was taken to Beijing when I was five years old.
(2)引导地点状语从句"连词”(where,wherever,everywhere...)
People all like living where there are many trees and much fresh air.
(3)引导条件状语从句"连词”(if, unless, on the condition that...)
If time permits, we will go for a picnic tomorrow.
(4)引导原因状语从句"连词”(because, as, since.. )
Tom did not go to schol because he was ill.
(5)引导目的状语从句"连词”(so that, in order that..)
He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.
(6)引导结果状语从句"连词”(so...that..; such...that)
She is such a kind girl that everybody here likes her.
(7)引导比较状语从句"连词”(as..as..; than)
Tom is as tall as Mike (is).
Mary sings better than any other girl in her class.
(8)引导让步状语从句"连词”(as, though, although, even though, even if..)
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Though the radio is very old, it works so well.
(9)引导方式状语从句"连词”(as, as if ..as though)
He talked as if he had known the truth.
She behaved as though she has been to America.
