英语长难句的理解与翻译(涉及逻辑主语等)
2024-10-05 16:30:21 学考宝 作者：佚名
问题描述
If the journalism did notice the essence of this issue, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values,education, and class.
参考译文：如果新闻界真的注意到了问题的关键，它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目，这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工，新闻界应该进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层都大相径庭的各种记者。
我的疑问是：根据译文发现 focused 的逻辑主语是 program，我觉得这句话是非谓语结构，它的逻辑主语应该是 it？我想说那是不是在翻译后觉得是 program 更好所以确定是program，而并非是 it（也就是也需要靠翻译，不能纯粹用语法来翻译？这个思维很重要！！！老师回答一下再说一下你的心得吧！）其实我觉得它是不是想用独立主格但前面应该再写上program啊！！
老师答疑
谭老师：
▲这句话中，过去分词focused的逻辑主语的确是上文中的its diversity program，但这是符合语法的结论。
你的错误是把now focused narrowly on race and gender当成了主句的状语，才以为它应当共享主句的主语（it）。
而实际上这并不是状语，而是补充成分，对its diversity program进行补充。
你可以把它替换为功能相同的非限制性定语从句，这样理解起来就更清楚了：
It would open up its diversity program, which is now focused narrowly on race and gender.
▲补充成分（supplement）指在句子的线性结构中占据位置但并未嵌入进句法结构的成分。
Supplements are elements which occupy a position in linear sequence without being integrated into the syntactic structure of the sentence. (CaGEL, P1350)
▲补充成分在国内的语法著作里鲜有提及，但其实我们早就接触过。
传统语法里用逗号、括号、横线隔开的成分，包括非限制性定语从句、同位语、状语、插入语、反意疑问句、独立主格结构等，都是补充成分。
▲在意义上，补充成分多为句子中的某一个成分提供补充和说明，被补充的成分几乎可以是任何成分，而不像限制性定语从句那样仅限于名词。比如：
When the patient closed his eyes, he had absolutely no spatial (that is, third-dimensional) awareness of whatsoever. 当病人闭眼时，他绝对没有任何空间（三维）感。（补充形容词短语）
The goal is to produce individuals who not only pocesses ‘two skills in one skull’, that is, are bicultural, but can also act as human links between their two cultures. 目标是不仅要培养出“脑袋里有两套技巧”（即有两种文化背景）的人，也要培养出能联系沟通两种文化的人。(补充动词短语)
▲在句法上，补充成分独立于句子之外，不属于句子结构的一部分。
以下第一条例句的句法分析可以见此图：http://ww2.sinaimg.cn/mw690/69b2c1b5gw1eyhk2xma2bj20lq0biabd.jpg
▲可以充当补充成分的语法结构有：
1.关系分句
The necklace, which her mother gave to her, was in the safe. 这条项链，就是她妈妈给她的那条，原本在保险柜里。
They'd given me two diskettes, both of which turned out to be defective. 他们给了我两张软盘，结果那两张都读不出来。
2.名词短语
I met a friend of yours ate the party last night—Emma Carlisle. 我在昨晚的派对上见到了你的一个朋友——艾玛·卡莱尔。
Robert, no genious, is applying for a scholarship to Harvard. 罗伯特，虽然不是什么天才，却在申请哈佛大学的奖学金。
3.内容分句
The excuse he gave—that the train had been late—seemed to satisfy the boss. 他给的那个借口——说什么火车晚点了——似乎老板相信了。
I don't know what its status is, that is, whether or not it is confidential. 我不知道它处于什么状态，也就是说，它是否还是机密。
4.主句
I raised a more serious objection: it's agianst the law. 我提出了一条更严重的反对意见：那是违法的。
There are, I think, some grounds for optimism. 我想，还是有理由乐观的。
5.形容词短语
The editor, angry at the delay, resigned from the project. 那个编辑，因为对这次延误很愤怒，从项目中辞职了。
The editor has been sacked and, worse, they're imposing strict censorship. 那个编辑被炒了，而且更糟糕的是，报社开始实施严格的审查制度了。
6.无动词分句
The tourists, most of them foreigners, had been hoarded onto a cattle truck. 这些旅客，其中绝大多数是外国人，被藏在了一辆牛车上。
The defendants sat in the dock, their heads in their hands. 被告们坐在被告席里，用手捂着脸。
7.非限定分句
Having read the report, Max was sure he had nothing to worry about. 读了报告后，麦克斯确信他没什么可担心的。
Not to put too fine a point on it, he's an absolute layabout. 说句老实话，他真是个懒汉。
8.介词短语和副词短语
This final portrayal—of Stalin—does no credit to the author. 最后这段描写——就是描写斯大林的那段——没让作者收到多少赞誉。
They go—probably-by bus.他们大概是乘公交车去的。
9.感叹词
Ah, so you were there after all! 啊，所以说你到底还是去了。
Damn, we've missed the bus again. 妈的，我们又没赶上公交。
10.并列连词引入的分句和短语
If he checks my story—and he probably will—I'll be sacked. 他要是来查我这条报道的真实性——他很可能会这样做——我就要被解雇了。
They'll be finishing on Tuesday—or at least that's what they said. 他们周二就会完工了——至少他们原话如此。
