英语里不定式做定语有时态变化吗
2024-11-16 09:40:06 学考宝 作者：佚名
问题描述
英语里不定式做定语有时态变化吗（进行式、完成式）
此外不定式做定语表示的都是将来的动作？
那 He was the first guest to arrive.(他是第一个到达的客人)该怎么理解呢?
老师答疑
陈老师：
关于动词不定式作定语详细讲解
【1】不定式有一般式；
(1):主动式:to do 和to be 两种形式
不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生
He seems to know this.
他似乎知道这件事
He seemed to be tired.
他好像累了.
I hope to see you again.
= I hope that I'll see you again.
我希望再见到你。
Who heard him say that?
谁听见他那样说了？
They invited us to go there this summer.
他们邀请我们这个夏天去那里。
I helped to repair the car.
我帮助修理汽车。
He didn't know where to go.
他不知道该去哪儿。
(2):被动式:to be done
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
我很荣幸受邀在这里讲话。
She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.
她要求被派到新疆工作。
【2】不定式有进行式：to be doing
如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。
He seems to be eating something.
他似乎在吃东西。
The boys were discovered to be hiding behind the door.
男孩子们被发现正在门后藏在呢。
It's nice to be lying on the beach.
躺在沙滩上，真是惬意极啦。（正躺在沙滩上）
【3】不定式有完成式
(1):to have done（主动完成式）
如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用完成式。
She pretended to have known it before
I am sorry not to have come to your party last night.
(2):to have been done（被动完成式）
It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.
(3):to have been doing （完成进行式）
如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行，就需要用完成进行式.
We’re happy to have been working with you.
Tom seemed to have been reading a novel.
He is found to have been working for 4 hours.
不定式作后置定语，可以修饰主语；宾语；表语等句子成分.
【1】修饰主语不定式
A:表示一种将要发生动作且是被动(to be done结构)
The car to be bought is for his sister.
The car which will be bought is for his sister.
B: 表示一种将要发生动作且是主动(to be do结构)
The person to meet you at the railway station is called Jack.
=The person who will meet you at the railway station is called Jack.
C:表示一种正在发生动作且是主动(to be doing结构)（不定式动作发生讲话人之前，且一直都在进行之中）
The boy to be sleeping in the room is my younger brother.
=The boy who is sleeping in the room is my younger brother.
D:表示已经事先已经完成了动作（to have been done结构）
The building to have been built is our teaching building.
=The build which has been built is our teaching building.
E:表示从过去到现在一直都进行的动作(to have been doing结构)
The person to have been watching TV in the room is my father.
=The person who has been watching TV in the room is my father.
【2】修饰表语的不定式
A:（表示一种习惯上的泛指或经常反复发生动作）
She is always the first person to come and the last person to leave.
B:表示一种已经完成动作
He was the first person to arrive .
=He was the first person who arrived.
【3】修饰宾语的不定式
A:（表示已将发生的动作且是主动）
I have three letters to post this afternoon .(表示自己邮寄）
B:（表示已将发生的动作且是被动）
I have three letters to be posted this afteroon.（表示别人邮寄）
C:He need something to eat .(表示自己吃）
备注：关于修饰宾语的不定式有以下几种情况
(1) 如果不定式为不及物动词需要带上相应介词
He needs a pen to write with
We need to find a house to live in
(2) 如果修饰为time, way, place可以省略相应介词
He can’t find a place to live
(3) 如果不定式为主动，则不定式逻辑主语为句子主语
She has two children to take care of .(主语自己照顾)
(4) 如果不定式为被动，则不定式逻辑主语不是句子主语
She has two children to be taken care of .(别人帮助主语照顾)
那如果说：
I have something to read.（应该属于第一种情况吧？只不过说read后于have，无所谓你是不是正在干）
I have a big family to support.(个人认为同上）
He is a nice man to work with.（work with后于be nice？）
继续跟踪回答如下：
如果按照动作发生时间先后来界定区分，你的理解是正确的
I have a big family to support.
谓语动词动作在先:先拥有一个大的家庭
不定式动作在后:然后在需要赡养
特备备注:（下面这2句话非常重要必须理解并牢记）
(1)修饰词to support 与被修饰词family存在一种逻辑上动宾关系。
(2)不定式to support与句子主语存在一种逻辑上主谓关系，因此需要 使用不定式主动形式来作后置定语。
He is a nice man to work with.
(1) a nice man （在先）
(2) to work with（在后）
因此可以，理解为不定式动作在谓语动词动作之后发生，而且不定本身就有一种将要发生动作以为。
如果还有疑问，请立即追问,如果满意,请采纳，谢谢！
继续跟踪解答
老师非常感谢您的回答
最后一个疑问， 看见您说to have been done可以做定语来修饰主语
那么为什么不用过去分词来修饰呢？
如果用过去分词，则是一般过去式定语从句被动语态省略主语和助动词，或者为现在进行时态也可以省略主语和助动词；请看下面
(1)The novel (which was) written by Luxn is very popular among young people.
=The novel written by Luxun is very popular young people.
(2)The boy (who is )watching TV in the room is my brother.
=The boy watching TV in the room is my brother.
此外，如果说不定式表示的将来动作，
那 He has honor to work in a five-star star hotel.
和He has honor to have worked in a five-star hotel.
第一句怎么理解这个意思呢？
继续跟踪解答
He has honor to work in a five-star hotel.
表示他很荣幸将要在一家5星级酒店工作。
He has honor to have worked in a five-star hotel.
表示：
他很荣幸已经在一家5星级酒店工作了。
蒋老师：
问题一：英语里不定式做定语有时态变化吗（进行式、完成式）
答：不定式做定语可以有时态变化的（如果意义需要的话）。比如：
This was not the time to be plunging into some new business venture. 这还不是急于要进行新的风险投资的时候。（不定式的进行式作定语）(迈克米伦)
This company is the only one to have bucked the trend of a declining industry. 这家公司是在行业日益不景气的情况下唯一一家蒸蒸日上的企业。（不定式的完成式作定语）(剑桥)
问题二：不定式做定语表示的都是将来的动作？
答：不定式做定语表示的不一定都是将来的动作，根据不同的语境可能有多种时间关系。如：
She resisted the urge to kiss him. 她强忍着想吻他的冲动。（不定式所表示动作尚未发生）
She was the only one to survive the crash. 她是这次事故中唯一的幸存者。（不定式所表示动作已发生）
He was the first guest to arrive. 他是第一个到达的客人。（不定式所表示动作已发生）
Swimming is the best way to tone up your body. 游泳是最佳的健身的方法。（不定式所表示的动作为普遍规律，无所谓已发生或未发生）
丽老师：
陈老师的解答好像是答非所问啊！网友的问题有两个方面（这也是我一直以来的难点）：
1. 不定式作定语有时态变化吗？比如除了一般式外，有没有进行式与完成式？
2. 不定式做定语表示的都是将来的动作？比如 He was the first guest to arrive.(他是第一个到达的客人)中的不定式就不是表示将来吧？
陈老师很热心，但有一个小缺点，就是经常给出很“详细”的解答，但有时没有答到点子上，不好意思，善意的提醒，并无责备之意，总的来说，还是很感谢陈老师的！把仅有的5朵鲜花送给了陈老师，还请陈老师再补充解答一下，谢谢啦！
