too…to…句式中不定式的逻辑主语问题
2024-10-10 18:52:29 学考宝 作者:佚名
问题描述
▲下面句子是一道全国卷的高考题:
Alien had to call a taxi because the box was much too heavy to carry all the way home.
▲我对这道题有个疑问:那就是 to carry all the way home 的逻辑主语问题。由于句子主语是 the box,而 the box 是不可能 carry all the way home 的。我觉得这个这句子有问题,应作以下改动:
Allen had to call a taxi because the box was much too heavy to be carried all the way home.
Allen had to call a taxi because the box was much too heavy for her to carry all the way home.
▲我的理解对吗?请求老师们的分析,谢谢!
老师答疑
曾老师:
这道高考题没有问题,to carry all the way home是反射不定式,在句中与heavy一起构成复合谓语。
反射不定式就是主动语态的不定式产生反射动作(必须是及物动词或词组),主要用于以下三种情况:
1. 主语+be+表语+反射不定式(与主语是逻辑上的动宾关系)
The question is hard to answer. 这个问题很难回答。
The stone is too heavy to carry. 这块石头太重,搬不动。
The article is easy to understand. 这篇文章很易懂。
注:若直接用不定式作表语则要用被动式。如:
The question is to be answered. 这个问题得要回答。
2.主语+谓语+宾语+反射不定式(作定语修饰宾语,主语为逻辑上的动作执行者)。例如:
He has something to say. 他有话要说。
I need a pen to write with. 我需要一只钢笔写字。
注:若主语不是不定式逻辑上的动作执行者,则要用不定式的被动式。比较:
Do you have anything to be taken to Tom in town? 你有什么东西要带到镇里给汤姆吗? (带东西给汤姆的不是主语"you",而是问话者。)
Do you have anything to take to Tom in town? 你有什么东西要带到镇里给汤姆吗?(带东西给汤姆的就是主语"you"。)
3.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语+反射不定式(作定语修饰直接宾语,间接宾语为逻辑上的动作执行者)。如:
He brought me some little rabbits to raise. 他给我带来几只小兔子喂养。
The teacher lent John some materials to consult. 老师借给约翰一些资料查阅。
▲再来看看你改动的 句子:Allen had to call a taxi because the box was much too heavy for her to carry all the way home.,这个句子中的for her是多余的,因为主句的主语Allen就是不定式的逻辑主语(动作执行者)。不过,在有必要说明反射不定式动作执行者时,可以在不定式前加for sb.作为逻辑主语,如人教版高中英语《必修二》Unit 2中就有这样的一个句子:
For each Olympics, a special village is built for them to live in…
刘老师:
▲首先说明,高考原句以及你改动的两个句子,都正确:
1. Alien had to call a taxi because the box was much too heavy to carry all the way home.
2. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was much too heavy to be carried all the way home.
3. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was much too heavy for her to carry all the way home.
▲以下是2010年山东卷高考题:That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.
A. that B. which C. whose D. what
在这个句子中,不定式用了被动式。但是,这句话中的不定式完全可以使用主动形式:
That’s the new machine whose parts are too small to see.
在“主语+ be + too+形容词+不定式”句式中,动词不定式一般表示结果。当something充当了句子的主语,跟不定式存在逻辑上的被动关系时,不定式既可以用主动形式,也可以用被动形式。这两者的区别是:
主动形式忽略了句子主语跟不定式的被动关系,而强调了人的主体行为,即人去做这件事,因此,可以在不定式之前加上逻辑主语for somebody。
被动形式强调了句子主语跟不定式的被动关系,在不定式之前不能加上逻辑主语for somebody,但可以在被动的不定式之后加上by somebody,以表示这个动作的执行者。例如:
第一组:
1. That’s the new machine whose parts are too small to see.
2. That’s the new machine whose parts are too small for the engineers to see.
3. That’s the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen by the engineers.
第二组:
1. The big stone is too heavy to lift.
2. The big stone is too heavy for a child to lift.
3. The big stone is too heavy to be lifted by a child.
在“主语+ be +形容词+enough+不定式”句式中,动词不定式也表示结果,同样有类似用法。例如:
第一组:
第二组:
以上句子,在主动的不定式之前,并非一定要加for sb.,在被动的不定式之后,并非一定要加by sb. 这是理解问题的一种思路,帮助分清主动和被动之间的差异。
黎老师:
同意曾老师的分析。又如:
It is too hot to eat.
= It is too hot to be eaten.
= It is too hot for eating.
太烫了不能吃。
(摘自《薄冰英语惯用法词典》)